![]() ![]() Virulence factors in mycoplasmas include invasiveness, toxin-like substances, exotoxins, pathogenic enzymes, and some membrane components. Schematic diagram of virulence factors in mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmas adhesins invasive enzymes metabolites toxins. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms. ![]() Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Happy Happy Birthday Mr.Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. I would like to think that our attendance and celebration was a total surprise to him but like any professional he did not let on and played his gig as if it were just another day, a true professional!! Dave who normally closes out the Panoply weekend found himself doing what he does oh so well on most Sundays, playing for the brunch crowd at Humphreys Bar & Grill. The Panoply weekend ended up on a beautiful high note and we are so glad it is back! Looking forward to 2022!Īs great as it was to have Panoply return to Downtown Huntsville, what made the weekend even more special was getting to celebrate the 75 th Birthday of local blues legend, Microwave Dave Gallaher. With Saturday closing out, Sunday was met with a most exceptional day and a favorable crowd who had come out to enjoy the downtown festivities. The evening closed out with an exceptional fireworks show emanating from the east side of the park.Īs Panoply has gotten to be known for, Saturday afternoon did not disappoint and was met with a thunderstorm that closed the event down but a few hours but as time went on they reopened. ![]() As night fell on the city the park came alive with the wonderful sights and sounds that Panoply is known for. The festival opened Friday evening with an enthusiastic crowd that came downtown looking forward to getting back to some normalcy, to the arts and to hearing the musicians that included crowd favorites, the Lamont Landers Band and War and Treaty. Hoping for the best in weather and giving all due consideration for covid concerns this years event was a beautiful mini-panoply! ![]() It was 2019 when Panoply made its last appearance and it was great to have it back it all of its colorful pageantry this pat weekend. It has been a few days since we last got together! A very happy Monday to you all and the Arts are back. ![]()
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